Oral cancer

Squamous Cell Cancer of the tongue.

This tumor is usually located on the side, or what we call the lateral border, of the oral tongue. It is usually somewhat ulcerated and is grayish-pink to red in color. It will often bleed easily if bitten or touched. Smoking and drinking are known to contribute to the formation of the cancers, although some folks have developed squamous cancer of the tongue with no known extra risk factors.

Most very small cancers of the oral tongue can be quickly and successfully treated by surgical removal leaving behind little cosmetic or functional change. THIS IS NOT ALWAYS TRUE, HOWEVER, AS THERE CAN BE MANY VARIABLES AND FACTORS THAT CAN SERIOUSLY IMPACT SPEECH AND SWALLOWING. This can only be assessed by a face to face Surgeon/Patient meeting and examination.

Larger cancers may indeed have some effect on speech and on swallowing, but one must remember that not treating this problem would cause far more significant problems, up to, and including death. If one thinks about that for a moment; a few changes in speech or swallowing seem like a pretty good swap.

There is a school of thought that small oral tongue cancers can be better managed by radiation therapy alone, and this is indeed true in some cases, especially where the patient has serious heart and/or lung disease that might make anesthesia risky. Fortunately, this is a rare occurrence.

The main reason for treating small sqamous cancer of the oral tongue with surgery is that it is at least as curative as radiation, possibly better, it is over with quickly, oftentimes done as an out patient procedure instead of 5 – 6 weeks of daily therapy, it may be significantly less expensive, and finally, and most importantly, it means that if a patient were to later present with a 2nd or 3rd Squamous Cell Cancer of the mouth/throat/or voice box area, you would still have radiation therapy as a treatment option, perhaps then being able to avoid a significant and disfiguring operation. There is a limit as to how much radiation normal tissue can take before it dies.

Some cases of Oral Tongue Cancer can be treated with just removal of the primary tumor in the tongue. But as the size of the primary tumor increases the statistical possibility of some cancer cells spreading through lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes of the neck increases. The site and pattern of the involved lymph nodes is pretty much constant — that is to say we know where in the neck to look for enlarged lymph nodes that might contain metastatic cancer cells from the oral tongue cancer. Exceptions to these rules are sometimes seen, but they are uncommon. When the presence of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck is detected or when the index of suspicion is high that there may be cancer cells present in lymph nodes, then an operation called a neck dissection is performed to remove these "secondary" deposits of cancer. Remember, the oral tongue cancer is the "primary" tumor from where the spreading cells originate.

There are many forms of neck dissections from radical to conservative While many physicians may have had some exposure to neck dissections at some point in their career, there are very few Head and Neck Surgeons, usually found in large medical centers, who can truly say that their career has been dedicated to this type of disease and they have done hundreds or perhaps thousands of these procedures.
Finally, there may sometimes be the need to perform plastic surgery and/or reconstruction following removal of the tumor, and radiation treatments may have to be given after the surgery to try to minimize the possibility of recurrence of the disease and ultimate treatment failure. Yes, sometimes in spite of every effort, every bit of hard work, in spite of supportive care and even our prayers, some patients will be lost to this disease. It is a sad thing to have to watch and be a part of, but it is one of life’s unpleasant realities. For now, we will have to content ourselves with the knowledge that most of our tongue cancer patients survive quite nicely and hope that new research and new discoveries in the future will allow us to help our patients even more.

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
Images

The precise mechanism by which spices prevent the development of cancer is not well understood. Spices are some of the best natural anti-oxidants, and may be acting by protecting the cells from DNA damage. There is a documented association between germs and cancer; estimates are that ~15% of cancers globally are caused by micro-organisms. It is possible that many cancers are initiated by pathogens and spices prevent this from happening by killing off the germs. More importantly, natural substances like onion, garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chilly, tomatoes, and black pepper have now been scientifically proven to interfere with the very intracellular signaling which accounts for the excessive proliferation and loss of maturation in cancer cells. The bio-chemical properties of these substances are being widely investigated now, with over 1000 papers published in highly respected medical journals on curcumin and ginger in the last few years alone.