According to the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, it is recommended that children see a pediatric dentist as soon as their first tooth appears to prevent dental problems. But earlier research actually does not show that these visits lead to less costly dental issues in kids, according to lead author Bisakha Sen, PhD, an associate professor in the department of healthcare organization and policy at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
“It was shocking to us to find that previous data was misinterpreted, and there was actually more expensive restorative procedures among kids with more preventive dental visits, because this is counterintuitive,” Sen explained in a university news release. “The problem is that these prior studies were limited by selection bias because children are not randomly taken to get preventive dental services. It may be overly cautious or concerned parents, or children with a family history of dental problems who get these visits, then also use more restorative care.”
To investigate further without bias, Sen’s team used data collected from 1998 to 2010 by Alabama’s Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), ALL Kids, a low-cost, comprehensive healthcare coverage program for children younger than age 19; benefits of ALL Kids include regular dental care.
Children who were continuously enrolled in CHIP for at least three years were included. Children who used nonpreventive dental services the first year were not included, because there was no information about their prior preventive dental service use. A total of 14,972 kids younger than age 8 and 21,833 age 8 and older were included.
Using a technique called individual fixed effects, the team was able to use each child as their own control, and then compare what happens to child X in a year when they do not get preventive visits, to a year when they do get preventive visits.
“Simpler techniques gave us the same findings of earlier work, but this more advanced technique we used was an effective, though not foolproof, way of controlling for the selection problem of past literature,” Sen said.
What they found was that more preventive visits were associated with fewer subsequent restorative services for the same child for both age groups, even though the cost savings for CHIP do not appear to sufficiently cover the cost of the preventive services.
For example, the researchers found that when children had one preventive visit, their subsequent nonpreventive costs went down by an average of $25.67. However, this savings of $25.67 was not enough to offset what CHIP paid for the preventive visit. So when the costs of preventive visits and nonpreventive visits were added together, overall CHIP spending was actually $90.94 more.
Despite the figures, the researchers caution against interpreting findings only with dollar figures in mind.
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